Mykorhizan

Mycorrhiza (plural: mycorrhizae) refers to a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant. The term originates from Greek words *mykos* (μύκης), meaning "fungus," and *rhiza* (ῥίζα), meaning "root." This mutually beneficial relationship is widespread in natural ecosystems, playing a crucial role in plant nutrition, soil health, and ecosystem stability.

In a mycorrhizal partnership, the fungus colonizes the root system of the host plant, extending its hyphae into the surrounding soil. This network significantly increases the plant's access to water and nutrients, particularly phosphorus, which is often limited in soil. In return, the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates, such as sugars and lipids, produced through photosynthesis. This exchange enhances both the plant's growth and the fungus's survival.

Mycorrhizal associations are classified into several types, with the most common being **ectomycorrhizae** and **endomycorrhizae**. Ectomycorrhizae form a dense sheath of fungal hyphae around the root tips and grow between root cells but do not penetrate them. Endomycorrhizae, particularly **arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM)**, invade the root cortex cells, forming specialized structures called arbuscules where nutrient exchange occurs. Other types include ericoid, orchid, and arbutoid mycorrhizae, each associated with specific plant families.

Mycorrhizal fungi improve soil structure by binding soil particles and promoting aggregation, which enhances water retention and aeration. They also contribute to disease suppression by competing with pathogenic fungi for nutrients and space. Additionally, mycorrhizae facilitate nutrient cycling, breaking down organic matter and making essential elements available to plants.

Mycorrhizal associations are found in over 90% of plant species, including many economically important crops such as wheat, corn, and trees like pine and oak. While some plants, such as legumes and certain weeds, can grow without mycorrhizal assistance, the majority rely on these partnerships for optimal growth. Research continues to explore the potential of mycorrhizae in agriculture, forestry, and ecological restoration to improve plant productivity and sustainability.