Mannitols

Mannitol is a sugar alcohol, also known as a polyol, that is widely found in nature. It is a naturally occurring carbohydrate that is found in many plants, including fruits, vegetables, and fungi. It is a white, crystalline powder that is sweet to the taste and has a refreshing mouthfeel. Mannitol is often used as a sweetener and a bulking agent in food products. It is also used in pharmaceuticals as an osmotic diuretic and as an excipient in tablet formulations.

Chemically, mannitol is a hexitol, meaning it is a six-carbon sugar alcohol. Its chemical formula is C6H14O6. It is an isomer of sorbitol, another common sugar alcohol. Mannitol can be produced through the reduction of fructose or glucose. Industrially, it is often manufactured from glucose through a process of hydrogenation.

In the human body, mannitol is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. This property makes it useful as an osmotic laxative. When taken orally, it draws water into the intestines, stimulating bowel movements. As an osmotic diuretic, it is administered intravenously to reduce intracranial pressure and intraocular pressure. This effect is due to its ability to draw water out of cells and tissues and excrete it through the kidneys.

Mannitol is also employed in various industrial applications. It serves as a raw material in the production of some types of resins and plastics. In some cosmetic products, it can function as a humectant, helping to retain moisture. Its low hygroscopicity and non-cariogenic properties make it a suitable ingredient in sugar-free confectionery and chewing gum.