Luokkaerot

Luokkaerot refers to the differences in socioeconomic status, education, occupation, and cultural capital that exist within a society and that influence access to resources and opportunities. The term is most frequently used in Finnish academic literature to describe the inequality between social classes. It encompasses both objective measures – such as income and wealth – and subjective aspects such as social status and perceived prestige.

The concept is rooted in classical social‑stratification theory, drawing on the work of scholars such as Marx, Weber, and Bourdieu. In Finland, extensive state welfare policies and a comprehensive public education system have traditionally reduced class distance, yet research shows persistent class gaps in health, employment, and political participation. For example, people from higher socioeconomic classes are more likely to hold university degrees, secure permanent employment, and experience lower mortality rates.

Researchers use a variety of metrics to assess luokkaerot, including the Gini coefficient, the human development index at the household level, and surveys on perceived social mobility. Policy interventions aimed at reducing class differences focus on education, labour market regulations, and targeted social assistance, as well as measures to increase upward mobility for disadvantaged groups.

Understanding luokkaerot is important for shaping inclusive social policy, addressing political inequality and ensuring that all citizens have equal opportunities to participate in the social and economic life of Finland. The concept continues to inform debates on equality and on the design of welfare state reforms.