Lizozomlarn

Lizozomlarn, known in English as lysosomes, are membrane-bound organelles found in most animal cells and many other eukaryotes. They contain a broad set of acid hydrolases and maintain an acidic lumen (pH ~4.5–5.0), optimizing enzymatic activity. The lysosomal lumen degrades proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids from inside the cell or from ingested material, recycling components and providing nutrients.

Most enzymes are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and trafficked via the Golgi apparatus, where they acquire mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) tags. M6P receptors direct them to lysosomes. Lysosomes then fuse with endosomes or autophagosomes to digest contents. The lysosomal membrane contains proteins such as LAMPs that protect the organelle and regulate trafficking.

Functions include autophagy, endocytosis, phagocytosis, and immune defense. They participate in nutrient sensing and signaling, influencing metabolism and cell survival.

Defects in lysosomal enzymes or trafficking cause lysosomal storage diseases, leading to accumulation of undegraded substrates and organ dysfunction. Examples include Gaucher, Niemann-Pick, Tay-Sachs, and Pompe diseases. Treatments include enzyme replacement therapy, substrate reduction therapy, pharmacological chaperones, and gene therapy in some cases.

In plants and fungi, lysosome-like compartments such as vacuoles perform similar digestive roles; in unicellular organisms, lysosomes support endocytic digestion. Ongoing study of Lizozomlarn informs biology and medicine.