Lizozomla

Lizozomla, a term often considered a misspelling of lysosome in English, refers to a membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. Lysosomes are small, dense bodies filled with hydrolytic enzymes and characterized by an acidic internal pH, typically around 4.5 to 5.0. They play a central role in digestion and cellular recycling, breaking down macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Lysosomes arise from the late endosomal/ Golgi pathway. Hydrolytic enzymes are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, tagged with mannose-6-phosphate in the Golgi apparatus, and delivered to lysosomes via M6P receptors. The lysosome membrane contains proton pumps (v-ATPases) and various membrane proteins, including LAMP-1 and LAMP-2, which help maintain the organelle’s environment and integrity. Enzymes within lysosomes include cathepsins, nucleases, lipases, and glycosidases.

Functions of lysosomes extend beyond simple digestion. They degrade endocytosed material, phagocytosed particles, and damaged or unnecessary organelles through autophagy. By recycling nutrients, lysosomes participate in metabolic regulation and cellular remodeling. They also interact with signaling pathways, such as those controlled by TFEB and mTORC1, which influence lysosome biogenesis and cellular growth.

Defects in lysosomal enzymes or transport can lead to lysosomal storage diseases (for example, Gaucher, Tay-Sachs, and Pompe diseases). Treatment strategies include enzyme replacement therapy and, in some cases, gene therapy. The organelle was first described in the 1950s by Christian de Duve, who named it for its lytic, or dissolving, function.