Lízózyomok

Lízózyomok, also known as lysosomes, are membrane-bound organelles found in animal cells. They play a crucial role in the cell's waste disposal and recycling system. Within the lysosome is a collection of hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down various molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. These enzymes function optimally in an acidic environment, which is maintained within the lysosome by proton pumps in the lysosomal membrane.

Lysosomes are formed from the Golgi apparatus. They receive materials from different cellular pathways, including endocytosis, phagocytosis, and autophagy. During endocytosis, the cell engulfs external substances, which are then enclosed in vesicles that fuse with lysosomes for degradation. Phagocytosis involves the engulfment of larger particles, such as bacteria or cellular debris, which are also processed by lysosomes. Autophagy is a process where the cell breaks down its own worn-out or damaged organelles, which are then delivered to lysosomes for digestion.

The breakdown products from lysosomal activity are then released back into the cytoplasm to be reused by the cell. Defects in lysosomal enzymes can lead to the accumulation of undigested materials within the cell, resulting in a group of genetic disorders known as lysosomal storage diseases. These diseases can have severe consequences, affecting various organ systems.