Kundër

Kundër is a preposition in Albanian that means "against" or "in opposition to." It is used to express opposition to a person, action, idea, rule, or institution, and can also indicate counteraction or contrast. In English equivalents, it corresponds to terms like against, versus, or contrary to.

Grammatically, kundër governs a noun phrase. With nouns, the usual form is to place the expression after the preposition, as in kundër ligjit (against the law) or kundër qeverisë (against the government). It can also be used with phrases describing opposition to a claim or statement, such as kundër së vërtetës (against the truth) in a rhetorical sense. When referring to people, the preposition can be used with pronouns or names, but the exact form follows Albanian pronominal usage.

Kundër is common in formal and informal speech, especially in debates, journalism, politics, law, and everyday discourse where one expresses disagreement or counterarguments. It can denote active opposition (campaigning against a policy) or a more general stance of resisting or opposing something.

Related terms include kundërshtim (opposition or resistance), kundërshtar (opponent), and related derivatives like kundërshtarës or kundërshtuese, which denote people or ideas that oppose. The word form remains one word, with the meaning clearly tied to opposing or countering what follows after it.

In summary, kundër functions as a core Albanian preposition for signaling opposition across legal, political, and everyday contexts, pairing naturally with nouns and, in broader discourse, with related terms that describe opposition and opponents.