Kristallsüsteemid

Kristallsüsteemid are the seven distinct categories used to classify the three-dimensional arrangements of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystalline solids. These systems are based on the geometric relationships between the crystal's unit cell axes and angles. The seven kristallsüsteemid are cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, hexagonal, trigonal, monoclinic, and triclinic. Each system is characterized by specific symmetry elements and constraints on the unit cell parameters.

The cubic system is the simplest, with all three axes of equal length and all angles between them being 90 degrees. This system includes structures like sodium chloride and diamond. The tetragonal system has two axes of equal length and a third axis of different length, with all angles being 90 degrees. An example is zirconium dioxide. The orthorhombic system has all three axes of different lengths and all angles being 90 degrees, as seen in calcium sulfate.

The hexagonal system has two axes of equal length and a third axis of different length, with the two equal axes forming a 120-degree angle. Graphite is an example. The trigonal system, also known as rhombohedral, has all three axes of equal length and all angles between them being 60 or 120 degrees. Calcite is a common example. The monoclinic system has all three axes of different lengths, with two axes forming a 90-degree angle and the third axis forming an angle other than 90 degrees with the other two. Gypsum is an example. The triclinic system has all three axes of different lengths and all angles between them being different from each other. Turquoise is an example.

Kristallsüsteemid are fundamental in crystallography and mineralogy, as they provide a framework for understanding the properties and behaviors of crystalline materials. They are also used in materials science and engineering to design and develop new materials with specific properties.