Kortikosteroidid

Kortikosteroidid, commonly known as corticosteroids, are a class of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex or synthesized artificially. They play a crucial role in regulating inflammation, immune responses, electrolyte balance, and metabolism. Synthetic forms are widely used in medicine to treat a variety of conditions, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, allergic reactions, inflammatory bowel disease, and certain skin disorders.

There are two main categories of corticosteroids: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids, such as prednisone and hydrocortisone, possess potent anti‑inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Mineralocorticoids, including fludrocortisone, primarily influence sodium and potassium balance. In clinical practice, glucocorticoids are the more frequently prescribed type.

The therapeutic effects of corticosteroids stem from their ability to inhibit the production of pro‑inflammatory cytokines, reduce leukocyte migration, and stabilize cell membranes. These actions suppress the acute inflammatory response and modulate chronic immune activity. However, long‑term use can lead to side effects such as osteoporosis, cataracts, hypertension, hyperglycemia, mood changes, and increased susceptibility to infections. Counterindications include uncontrolled infections and certain viral illnesses.

Dosage and administration depend on the specific condition, the drug formulation, and the patient’s overall health. Topical, oral, inhaled, and intravenous preparations are available, each chosen to maximize efficacy while minimizing systemic exposure.

The history of corticosteroid therapy dates back to the 1940s when adrenal extracts were first used to treat inflammatory diseases. The development of synthetic analogues in the 1950s and 1960s revolutionized therapeutic options, allowing for precise dosing and reduced side‑effect profiles.