Kokaina

Kokaina, also known as cocaine, is a potent stimulant alkaloid derived from the leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylum coca). It occurs in two primary forms: cocaine hydrochloride, a water-soluble powder used in some medical settings and recreationally, and the freebase form (crack), which is typically smoked.

Kokaina acts by blocking the reuptake of the monoamines dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, increasing their levels in the brain and producing euphoria, increased energy, and heightened alertness. The onset and intensity depend on the route of administration; snorted, injected, or smoked forms produce rapid effects. It also causes vasoconstriction and tachycardia, contributing to cardiovascular risk.

Historically, coca leaves have been used for centuries by Indigenous peoples of the Andes. The alkaloid was isolated in the 19th century, spurring medical and commercial interest and appearing in early tonics and beverages. In modern medicine, kokaina remains a controlled local anesthetic in certain specialized procedures (notably in ophthalmology and ENT) because of its vasoconstrictive properties, though nonmedical use is illegal in many jurisdictions.

Legal status and production are tightly regulated or prohibited in most countries. The production chain typically involves coca cultivation, processing into cocaine, and illicit distribution. Public health and law enforcement efforts address supply reduction, prevention, and treatment for those affected by use and dependence.

Health effects and risks include short-term euphoria, increased energy, and pupil dilation, followed by adverse effects such as tachycardia, hypertension, chest pain, heart attack, stroke, seizures, and overheating. Chronic use can cause nasal damage (when snorted), malnutrition, weight loss, insomnia, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. Dependence can develop, and withdrawal may involve fatigue, depression, and cravings. Overdose can be fatal and requires emergency care.