Koenzymes
Koenzymes (coenzymes) are small organic molecules that associate with enzymes to enable catalysis. They are distinct from inorganic cofactors and prosthetic groups in that they are organic and often serve as carriers for electrons, atoms, or functional groups during a reaction. Koenzymes typically bind reversibly to apoproteins and are regenerated after each catalytic cycle. Many koenzymes are derived from vitamins and must be present in adequate amounts for enzyme activity.
Notable examples include NAD+ and NADP+, which shuttle electrons in redox reactions; FAD and FMN, also electron
Koenzymes are essential players in metabolism, often derived from dietary vitamins. Their deficiency can impair multiple