Kiirgusmõjud

Kiirgusmõjud refers to the physical and biological effects that occur when living organisms are exposed to ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is a type of energy that can dislodge electrons from atoms and molecules, creating ions. This process can damage cells and tissues.

The effects of radiation can be broadly categorized into two types: deterministic and stochastic. Deterministic effects, also known as non-stochastic effects, are those that have a threshold dose below which they do not occur. The severity of these effects increases with the dose received. Examples include skin burns, hair loss, and cataracts. These effects are generally observed at higher doses of radiation.

Stochastic effects, on the other hand, are probabilistic in nature. They do not have a threshold dose, meaning that even low doses of radiation can increase the risk of their occurrence. The probability of these effects occurring increases with dose, but the severity is independent of the dose. The most well-known stochastic effect is cancer, where radiation can damage DNA and lead to uncontrolled cell growth. Other stochastic effects include genetic mutations that can be passed on to offspring.

The sensitivity of different tissues and organs to radiation varies. Rapidly dividing cells, such as those in bone marrow, skin, and the reproductive organs, are generally more sensitive to radiation damage than less rapidly dividing cells. The age of the individual also plays a role, with children and fetuses being more vulnerable. The time elapsed since exposure is also a factor; some effects may appear immediately, while others may take months or years to manifest.