Karbonyylihapporyhmät

Karbonyylihapporyhmät, or carbonyl groups in English, are a fundamental functional group in organic chemistry. They consist of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O). This highly polar bond is responsible for the characteristic reactivity of compounds containing this group. The carbonyl group is the defining feature of several important classes of organic molecules, including aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, and acid halides.

In aldehydes, the carbonyl carbon is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom and another carbon atom. In ketones, the carbonyl carbon is bonded to two other carbon atoms. Carboxylic acids feature a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH). Esters are formed when the hydrogen of a carboxylic acid's hydroxyl group is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group. Amides have the hydroxyl group replaced by an amino group (-NR2). Acid halides contain a halogen atom directly attached to the carbonyl carbon. The presence and specific arrangement of the carbonyl group dictate the physical and chemical properties of these compounds, influencing their solubility, boiling points, and participation in various reactions such as nucleophilic addition and substitution.