Karboksülaatioone

Karboksülaatioone is a chemical reaction in which a carboxyl group (COOH) is added to a substrate. This process is a fundamental type of carbon fixation, playing a crucial role in various biological and industrial pathways. In biological systems, karboksülaatioone is often catalyzed by enzymes called carboxylases. A prominent example is the enzyme RuBisCO, which catalyzes the initial step of carbon fixation in photosynthesis, adding a molecule of carbon dioxide to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. This reaction is vital for converting atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic compounds, forming the base of most food chains on Earth. Another important biological karboksülaatioone occurs in the synthesis of fatty acids, where acetyl-CoA carboxylase adds a carboxyl group to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA, a key intermediate in the process.

Beyond biology, karboksülaatioone reactions are employed in industrial chemical synthesis. For instance, the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction involves the karboksülaatioone of sodium phenoxide with carbon dioxide under pressure to produce salicylic acid, a precursor to aspirin. Organometallic reagents, such as Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds, can also undergo karboksülaatioone by reacting with carbon dioxide to form carboxylic acids. These synthetic applications highlight the versatility of karboksülaatioone as a method for introducing carboxyl groups into organic molecules. The reverse reaction, decarboxylation, involves the removal of a carboxyl group.