Iswara

Iswara is a Sanskrit term that can be translated as "lord," "master," or "ruler." It is often used in Hindu philosophy and religious texts to refer to the supreme being or God. The concept of Iswara is central to many schools of Hindu thought, particularly Vedanta, where it represents the personal aspect of the divine. Iswara is understood as the creator, preserver, and destroyer of the universe, possessing infinite knowledge, power, and bliss.

In Yoga philosophy, as described by Patanjali in the Yoga Sutras, Iswara is defined as a special Purusha (consciousness) untouched by afflictions, actions, or their results. This divine being is seen as the primordial teacher and the object of devotion, whose contemplation can lead to samadhi (deep meditative absorption). The practice of devotion to Iswara, known as Ishvarapranidhana, is considered one of the key observances in Yoga, helping practitioners to overcome obstacles and achieve spiritual liberation. Different traditions within Hinduism may interpret Iswara in various ways, sometimes identifying it with specific deities like Shiva, Vishnu, or Brahma, while others view it as an impersonal cosmic principle. Regardless of the specific interpretation, Iswara represents the ultimate reality and a source of grace and guidance for devotees.