Isoimmuunsust

Isoimmuunsust, also known as isoimmunization, is a process where an individual develops an immune response to antigens present in another individual of the same species. This typically occurs when a person is exposed to foreign antigens, usually through blood transfusion or pregnancy. In the context of pregnancy, isoimmunization most commonly refers to Rh isoimmunization. This happens when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. During pregnancy or delivery, some of the fetus's Rh-positive red blood cells can enter the mother's bloodstream. The mother's immune system then recognizes the Rh antigen as foreign and produces antibodies against it.

These antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the red blood cells of subsequent Rh-positive fetuses, leading to a condition called hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). HDN can cause anemia, jaundice, and in severe cases, fetal hydrops or even fetal death. While Rh incompatibility is the most frequent cause, other blood group incompatibilities, such as ABO, can also lead to isoimmunization, though typically with less severe consequences. Prevention strategies, such as administering Rho(D) immune globulin (RhIG) to Rh-negative mothers, have significantly reduced the incidence and severity of Rh isoimmunization and its complications. Monitoring fetal well-being through ultrasound and other tests is also crucial in managing pregnancies at risk.