Interferonivasteet

Interferonivasteet refers to the cellular and physiological responses initiated by interferons (IFNs). Interferons are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also by tumor cells. They are a crucial part of the innate immune system, providing a first line of defense against infections.

There are three main classes of interferons: Type I (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-ω, IFN-κ, IFN-ε), Type II (IFN-γ), and Type III (IFN-λ). Upon sensing viral or bacterial components, cells produce and release interferons. These interferons then bind to specific receptors on neighboring cells, triggering a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways.

The interferon response leads to several key outcomes. It induces an antiviral state in cells, making them more resistant to viral replication. This involves the upregulation of genes that encode enzymes capable of degrading viral RNA or inhibiting viral protein synthesis. Interferons also activate immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, enhancing their ability to clear infected cells and pathogens. Furthermore, interferons play a role in modulating adaptive immunity, influencing the development of T cell and B cell responses. Dysregulation of interferon responses can lead to susceptibility to infections or autoimmune diseases.