Ingerület

Ingerület is a term used in Hungarian to denote a stimulus that elicits a response, most commonly in physiology as the nerve impulse or action potential that travels along a neuron after stimulation. In everyday language, it also refers to any event that provokes perception or action, such as sensory input or a motor trigger.

In physiology, an ingeriület begins when a stimulus reaches the threshold to open voltage-gated ion channels in the neuron’s membrane. This triggers an action potential, an all-or-none event in which the membrane potential rapidly depolarizes and then repolarizes. The amplitude of an action potential is consistent, and its occurrence propagates along the axon to convey information.

Propagation depends on myelination. In myelinated fibers, impulses travel by saltatory conduction, leaping between the nodes of Ranvier and increasing speed, while in unmyelinated fibers conduction is slower and continuous. Conduction velocity varies widely, from roughly 0.5 m/s in small unmyelinated fibers to over 100 m/s in large myelinated fibers, depending on diameter and myelination.

Coding of stimulus strength is partly achieved by the rate of ingeriülete, or firing frequency, rather than by greater impulse amplitude. The refractory period imposes a limit on how rapidly signals can be sent. At synapses, the arrival of an ingeriület triggers neurotransmitter release, transmitting the signal to the next neuron or to an effector muscle or gland.

The term is used across neuroscience, physiology, and medicine, encompassing sensory reception, neural communication, and motor control.