Inflektio

Inflektio, or inflection in linguistic terms, is the process by which a word changes form to express grammatical information. Through inflection, a single base form can appear in multiple morphologically distinct forms that indicate categories such as tense, mood, voice, number, person, case, gender, or definiteness. Inflection typically preserves the word’s core category (for example, a noun remains a noun, a verb remains a verb) while signaling its grammatical function in context.

Inflection is realized by inflectional morphemes, which can attach to a base via affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes), involve internal stem changes (ablaut or vowel alternation), or appear as suppletion where an entirely different word form is used. Some languages rely heavily on overt endings for entire paradigms of a word, while others use irregular forms or a mix of regular and irregular inflection. Inflectional systems are often organized into paradigms or classes, such as noun declensions or verb conjugations, that define which endings or stem changes occur for different grammatical categories.

Inflection is distinct from derivation, which creates new words or changes meaning or part of speech, and from compounding. It coexists with other morphological processes and interacts with syntax; in analytic languages, inflection may be limited and word order or auxiliary words encode grammatical relationships, whereas in synthetic languages, rich inflection carries most grammatical information within a single word form.

The term originates from Latin inflectere, “to bend.” Across languages, inflection ranges from minimal to highly productive, shaping how speakers encode and interpret grammatical relations in discourse.