Immunitást

Immunitást is a term referring to the state of being immune to a disease or toxin. The concept is central to immunology, the branch of medicine and biology that studies the immune system. The immune system distinguishes self from non-self and neutralizes pathogens. It comprises innate immunity (fast, non-specific) and adaptive immunity (slow, specific, with memory). Innate components include physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes, phagocytes, the complement system, and cytokines. Adaptive components include T cells and B cells; antibodies produced by B cells neutralize pathogens. Active immunity arises through infection or vaccination; passive immunity is conferred by transferred antibodies, such as from mother to fetus or via immune globulins. Memory allows a rapid response upon re-exposure. Immunization programs reduce the incidence of infectious diseases and contribute to herd immunity. Immunopathology covers excessive or misdirected responses, such as allergies, autoimmune diseases, and transplant rejection. Immunodeficiency is a failure of the immune system, enabling opportunistic infections. Modern immunotherapy uses monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, and cell-based therapies to treat cancer and autoimmune conditions. In language, immunitást is a grammatical form of the noun immunitás in Hungarian, used in sentences such as "az immunitást élvez" or "az immunitást érinti." Distinctions also exist across languages with slightly different terms.