Hygienism

Hygienism refers to a broad movement and set of beliefs that emerged in the 19th century, emphasizing the importance of cleanliness, sanitation, and healthy living practices to prevent disease and promote well-being. It was a response to the unsanitary conditions prevalent in rapidly industrializing cities and the prevailing understanding of disease transmission at the time.

Key figures in the hygienist movement advocated for public health reforms such as improved sewage systems, clean water supplies, and better waste disposal. On an individual level, hygienism promoted regular bathing, fresh air, physical exercise, and nutritious diets. The movement believed that many illnesses were caused by miasma, or bad air, and that by improving environmental conditions and personal habits, disease could be eradicated.

While some of the scientific underpinnings of early hygienism, like the miasma theory, have been superseded by germ theory, its core principles have had a lasting impact on public health and sanitation practices worldwide. Modern hygiene standards, including handwashing, proper food handling, and environmental cleanliness, can trace their roots back to the early ideals of hygienism. The movement also contributed to the development of public health infrastructure and the professionalization of public health services. Its influence can be seen in the ongoing efforts to combat infectious diseases and improve global health outcomes.