HydrogenDeuterium

Hydrogendeuterium, commonly referred to as HD, is the diatomic isotopologue of molecular hydrogen that consists of one hydrogen atom and one deuterium atom. It is the simplest heteronuclear member of the hydrogen family and differs from H2 primarily because the two atoms have different masses.

HD has a small permanent dipole moment due to the mass asymmetry, which allows dipole-allowed rotational and vibrational transitions. This gives HD a distinct infrared spectrum and means it can participate in radiative cooling in certain environments where H2 is less effective. The bond characteristics of HD are similar to those of H2, but the energy levels and spectral lines shift because of the increased reduced mass of the molecule, leading to different rovibrational transitions.

Formation and occurrence: HD forms in environments where hydrogen and deuterium exchange or react, such as interstellar gas, planetary atmospheres, and laboratory plasmas. It can be produced by reactions that combine H2 with a deuterium atom or ion, and exchange reactions can convert other hydrogen-bearing species to HD. In astrophysical contexts, HD is used as a tracer for deuterium chemistry and as a coolant in certain temperature regimes.

Applications and significance: In spectroscopy and astrochemistry, HD serves as a valuable isotopologue for studying isotopic fractionation, chemical reaction pathways, and the thermal history of astronomical environments. Its presence provides information about deuterium abundance and the physical conditions that influence molecular formation and energy transfer in space and in laboratory settings.