Homoioi

Homoioi was a term used in ancient Sparta to refer to full Spartan citizens. The term, derived from the Greek word "homoioi" meaning "equals," signified their status as peers within the Spartan social hierarchy. To be a homoios, one had to be a male Spartiate who had completed the rigorous agoge training, participated in the syssitia (communal meals), and owned a plot of land assigned by the state. This land, known as a kleros, was essential for their sustenance and allowed them to dedicate their lives to military service, which was the primary duty of a homoios. The homoioi formed the ruling class of Sparta, holding political power and comprising the hoplite army. Their lives were highly regimented and focused on military discipline and loyalty to the state. Below the homoioi were the Perioikoi, free non-citizens who engaged in trade and crafts, and the Helots, a subjugated population who performed agricultural labor. The distinction between homoioi and other social classes was fundamental to the functioning of the Spartan state.