Hiponatrémia

Hyponatremia is a medical condition characterized by a lower than normal concentration of sodium in the blood. Sodium is an electrolyte that plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance in and around cells, as well as in nerve and muscle function. When sodium levels drop too low, water moves into cells, causing them to swell.

The causes of hyponatremia are varied and can include excessive fluid intake, certain medications like diuretics, heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease, and hormonal imbalances such as syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). In some cases, it can also be a symptom of severe vomiting or diarrhea leading to dehydration.

Symptoms of hyponatremia can range from mild to severe, depending on how rapidly the sodium levels have fallen and how low they are. Mild cases may be asymptomatic or present with subtle symptoms like nausea, headache, and fatigue. As levels decrease further, more severe symptoms can emerge, including confusion, irritability, muscle weakness, spasms or cramps, seizures, and even coma.

Diagnosis is made through a blood test measuring serum sodium levels. The treatment depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Mild, chronic hyponatremia may be managed by fluid restriction or adjusting medications. Severe or acute hyponatremia often requires intravenous administration of sodium solutions, but this must be done cautiously to avoid rapid correction, which can lead to serious neurological complications like osmotic demyelination syndrome.