Hiperáridas

Hiperáridas, also known as hyperarid regions, are characterized by extremely low annual precipitation, typically less than 50 millimeters (2 inches). These environments experience prolonged periods of drought, often lasting for years or even decades. Evaporation rates in hyperarid zones significantly exceed precipitation, leading to a severe water deficit. The lack of consistent moisture profoundly impacts vegetation, resulting in sparse or absent plant cover. Life in these regions is highly adapted to survive extreme aridity, with organisms often possessing specialized physiological or behavioral traits to cope with water scarcity and high temperatures.

Geographically, hyperarid regions are found in various parts of the world, often within large continental interiors or in the rain shadow of mountain ranges. Examples include the Atacama Desert in South America, parts of the Sahara Desert in Africa, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica, which, despite being polar, is considered hyperarid due to extremely low precipitation. Soils in these areas are typically sandy, rocky, or saline, with minimal organic matter. The scarcity of water limits many natural processes, including soil formation and erosion by water, though wind erosion can be significant. Human presence and activity are usually limited due to the harsh conditions and lack of resources.