Henkilötnimestö

Henkilötnimestö refers to the system of personal naming conventions used in Finland, which has evolved over centuries to reflect the country’s cultural, linguistic, and administrative traditions. Unlike many other countries, Finland does not have a strict legal framework governing personal names, allowing for significant flexibility in naming practices. However, certain conventions and historical influences shape how names are structured and used.

Finnish personal names typically consist of a first name (etunimi) and a surname (sukunimi). The surname is often derived from the father’s first name, traditionally following the suffix *-son* (for sons) or *-ttari* (for daughters), though this practice has declined in modern times. Since the 19th century, surnames have increasingly been patronymic, meaning they are formed from the father’s first name (e.g., *Juhani* → *Juha* → *Juha-son* → *Juha*). Compound surnames, where both parents’ names contribute to the child’s surname, became legal in 1932 and are now common.

First names in Finland can be of Finnish, Swedish, or other origins, reflecting the country’s bilingual heritage. The use of middle names is less common than in some other cultures, though they are occasionally included. Historically, Finnish naming practices were influenced by Swedish traditions, particularly in coastal and southern regions, where Swedish-language names remained prevalent until the 20th century.

The Finnish Naming Act (*Nimilaki*), enacted in 1921 and later amended, provides guidelines for naming children, ensuring that names do not cause harm or ridicule. The act also allows for name changes under certain conditions, such as marriage or personal preference. While the system remains relatively informal compared to stricter naming laws in other countries, it reflects Finland’s emphasis on individual freedom within cultural norms.