Hálfleiðaraskynjari

Hálfleiðaraskynjari is an Icelandic term that translates to semiconductor sensor in English. A semiconductor sensor is a device that converts a physical or chemical quantity into an electrical signal, utilizing the properties of semiconductor materials. These sensors are widely used across various industries due to their sensitivity, miniaturization potential, and cost-effectiveness.

The fundamental principle behind a semiconductor sensor relies on changes in the electrical conductivity of a semiconductor material when exposed to a specific stimulus. For example, a change in temperature can alter the number of charge carriers within the semiconductor, thereby affecting its resistance. Similarly, the presence of certain gases can lead to chemical reactions on the semiconductor surface, changing its conductivity.

Common types of semiconductor sensors include thermistors, which detect temperature changes; photodiodes and phototransistors, which sense light; gas sensors, which identify specific gases in the air; and pressure sensors, which measure mechanical force. The design and fabrication of these sensors involve precise control over the semiconductor material's composition and structure, often employing techniques like doping and thin-film deposition. Their applications are diverse, ranging from consumer electronics and automotive systems to medical devices and environmental monitoring.