Gypsy

Gypsy is an exonym historically used to refer to the Romani people, a diverse ethnic group whose members originate from the Indian subcontinent and who have lived across Europe and the world for centuries. The term derives from a centuries-old misconception that Romani people came from Egypt. Today, many prefer the endonym Romani or Roma, and in some contexts the word Gypsy is considered outdated or pejorative because of stereotypes and discrimination.

Globally, estimates place Romani populations around 10 to 12 million, with the majority in Europe. Large communities are found in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Spain, and the Balkans, as well as in France, the United Kingdom, and the Americas. Population figures are imprecise due to intermarriage, migration, and differing self-identifications.

Language and speech traditions vary by group. The Romani language is Indo-Aryan, with multiple dialects, and many Romani people are bilingual, speaking Romani alongside the national language of their country. Literacy rates and language use differ by region and era.

History and culture: The Romani arrived in Europe by the late medieval period and formed diasporic communities across the continent. They have endured centuries of discrimination, expulsions, and enslavement in certain areas, and during World War II many were persecuted in the Porajmos. Cultural practices are diverse, with traditions in music, craft, kinship, and storytelling; many communities have become settled, while some retain nomadic or semi-nomadic practices.

Terminology and rights: The term Gypsy remains present in some languages and contexts but is viewed as stigmatizing by many. Most sources use Romani or Roma in reference to the people, while recognizing regional subgroups and identities. Persistent social exclusion and poverty affect many Romani communities despite legal protections in several countries.