Gproteinem

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of membrane proteins that play a crucial role in cell signaling. They are named for their association with G proteins, which are heterotrimeric proteins consisting of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. When a ligand binds to a GPCR, it undergoes a conformational change that activates the associated G protein. This activation leads to the dissociation of the alpha subunit from the beta-gamma complex, allowing the alpha subunit to interact with downstream effectors such as ion channels, enzymes, or other G proteins. This interaction initiates a cascade of intracellular signals that ultimately regulate various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. GPCRs are involved in numerous physiological functions and are targeted by a wide range of therapeutic agents, making them a significant focus in pharmacology and medicine.