Glükokalüksiä

Glükokalüksiä, also known as the glycocalyx, is a fuzzy, carbohydrate-rich layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of many cells, particularly bacteria and animal cells. It is not a rigid structure but rather a dynamic and variable component of the cell surface. The composition of the glycocalyx varies depending on the cell type and its environment. In bacteria, it can be a slime layer, which is loosely attached and water-soluble, or a capsule, which is more tightly bound and organized. In animal cells, the glycocalyx is composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.

The functions of the glycocalyx are diverse and crucial for cell survival and interaction. In bacteria, the capsule can provide protection from phagocytosis by immune cells, prevent desiccation, and aid in adherence to surfaces, which is important for biofilm formation. The slime layer can also contribute to adherence and nutrient scavenging. In animal cells, the glycocalyx plays a role in cell-cell recognition, adhesion, and communication. It can also act as a protective barrier and influence the cell's interaction with its surroundings, including the immune system and pathogens. The specific structure and components of the glycocalyx are important determinants of these functions.