Glomales

Glomales is an order of fungi within the phylum Glomeromycota. Members of this order are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), meaning they form symbiotic relationships with the roots of most terrestrial plants. These fungi are obligate biotrophs, requiring a living host plant to complete their life cycle. They are characterized by the formation of arbuscules, highly branched haustorial structures within plant root cells, where nutrient exchange occurs. Glomales fungi also produce characteristic large, globose spores, typically found within the soil or plant roots. These spores can remain dormant for extended periods and are crucial for the dispersal and survival of the fungi. The symbiotic relationship is mutually beneficial: the fungi enhance the plant's uptake of phosphorus and other nutrients from the soil, while the plant provides the fungi with carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis. Glomales play a vital role in terrestrial ecosystems, influencing plant community structure, soil health, and nutrient cycling. Their ecological significance extends to agriculture, where they can improve crop yields and reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers. Despite their widespread distribution and ecological importance, the taxonomy and phylogeny of Glomales are areas of ongoing research and revision.