Genomszaporodás

Genomszaporodás, also known as genome replication or DNA replication, is the fundamental biological process by which a cell duplicates its entire genome. This process is essential for cell division, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete and identical copy of the genetic material. In eukaryotes, genome replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle, preceding mitosis or meiosis. In prokaryotes, replication is coupled with cell division.

The process begins with the unwinding of the double-stranded DNA helix, facilitated by enzymes like helicase. Each strand then serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. DNA polymerase is the primary enzyme responsible for adding new nucleotides, following the base pairing rules (adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine). Replication proceeds in a semi-conservative manner, meaning each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Replication starts at specific origins of replication and proceeds bidirectionally along the DNA molecule. The process is highly accurate, with proofreading mechanisms to correct errors, although occasional mutations can still occur. The faithful duplication of the genome is critical for maintaining genetic stability and ensuring the proper functioning of organisms.