Gamboge

Gamboge is a bright yellow-orange pigment derived from the resin of certain tropical trees, primarily those in the *Garcinia* genus, such as *Garcinia hanburyi* and *Garcinia morella*. Historically, it has been used as a dye and paint pigment, particularly in Southeast Asia, where it was known as "golden leaf" or "golden resin." The resin is harvested by tapping the trees, allowing the sap to coagulate into solid, translucent lumps that can be ground into powder for use as a pigment.

Gamboge has been employed in traditional art across cultures, including Thai, Burmese, and Chinese painting, where it was prized for its luminous, warm hue. In Western art, it gained popularity in the 19th century as an alternative to more expensive pigments like gold leaf. Its vibrant color made it a favorite among impressionist and post-impressionist artists, though its fading properties over time led to its decline in modern use.

Chemically, gamboge consists of a complex mixture of compounds, including xanthones and chromones, which contribute to its distinctive color. The pigment is soluble in alcohol and oils, allowing it to be mixed with various mediums. However, its instability in light and air causes it to darken and eventually turn brown, limiting its longevity in artwork.

Today, gamboge is rarely used in contemporary art due to its fading characteristics and the availability of synthetic alternatives. It remains a subject of historical interest, particularly in the study of traditional painting techniques and the chemistry of natural pigments. Synthetic versions of gamboge have been developed to replicate its color while improving stability.