Folyóvíz

Folyóvíz is a term used in hydrology and everyday language to describe water that moves in natural channels on the surface of the earth, primarily in rivers and streams. It is part of riverine systems and is distinguished from állóvíz (standing water in lakes, ponds, or reservoirs) and from groundwater, which is water stored beneath the earth’s surface. Folyóvíz flows through a defined channel and exhibits variability in speed, depth, and width over time.

The physical characteristics of folyóvíz are shaped by the landscape through which it runs. Its flow regime is influenced by precipitation, snowmelt, and geological features, leading to seasonal changes and occasional floods. The water carries sediments and dissolved substances, and its temperature, oxygen content, and turbidity affect aquatic life. Erosion and sediment transport continually modify channel geometry, while interactions with floodplains, wetlands, and tributaries contribute to nutrient cycling and habitat diversity.

Ecologically, folyóvíz supports diverse communities of plants, invertebrates, fish, and birds. It provides migration routes, spawning grounds, and feeding habitats. Human activities such as water withdrawal, dam construction, agriculture, and pollution can alter flow regimes, degrade water quality, and affect ecosystem health. Sustainable management of folyóvíz focuses on maintaining ecological integrity, ensuring water quality for ecosystems and human use, and balancing flood control with natural river dynamics.