FischerTropschFlüssigstoffe

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is a family of catalytic processes that convert synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, into liquid hydrocarbons and waxes. Developed in the 1920s by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch, the method provides a route to fuels and chemicals from limited carbon sources via hydrogenation and polymerization-like steps on a transition metal catalyst.

Feedstock and catalysts: Synthesis gas is produced from coal, natural gas, or biomass by gasification or reforming. The catalyst choice and operating conditions determine the product distribution. Iron catalysts are typical for high-temperature FT, while cobalt catalysts are favored for low-temperature FT. Promoters and supports modulate activity, selectivity, and stability; the process is highly exothermic and conducted at elevated pressures.

Products and upgrading: FT yields a broad range of hydrocarbons, usually rich in long-chain paraffins. Low-temperature FT produces more gasoline- and diesel-range hydrocarbons; high-temperature FT generates more waxes and light gases. To meet fuel specifications, products are hydrocracked, hydrotreated, and separated into fuels, lubricants, and chemical feeds.

Applications: The technology underpins gas-to-liquids and coal-to-liquids projects. Notable facilities include Sasol's CTL plants in South Africa and the Pearl GTL facility in Qatar. Biomass-derived syngas can also be used to produce renewable synthetic fuels, though economically challenging. Ongoing research focuses on catalyst development and reactor design to improve selectivity, heat management, and overall efficiency.

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