Eferocytoza

Eferocytoza, derived from Greek words meaning "to carry away dead matter," is a crucial cellular process by which phagocytic cells, such as macrophages, engulf and remove apoptotic cells and other cellular debris. This process is vital for tissue homeostasis, preventing the release of intracellular contents that could trigger inflammation and cause damage to surrounding healthy tissues.

Apoptotic cells, or those undergoing programmed cell death, display specific signals on their surface, known as "eat-me" signals, such as phosphatidylserine. Eferocytoza is initiated when these signals are recognized by specific receptors on the surface of professional phagocytes. This recognition triggers the engulfment of the apoptotic cell through a process involving cytoskeletal rearrangements and the formation of phagosomes.

Once the apoptotic cell is enclosed within the phagosome, it is fused with lysosomes, which contain enzymes that degrade the engulfed material. This efficient clearance of apoptotic cells is essential during development, for example, in sculpting tissues and eliminating unnecessary cells. It also plays a critical role in the adult immune system, by removing aged or damaged cells, and in resolving inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of eferocytoza has been implicated in various diseases, including autoimmune disorders and chronic inflammation, highlighting its importance in maintaining health.