Duecento

Duecento is a term used to refer to the 13th century in Italian history and culture. This period was a significant era of transition, marking a shift from the preceding medieval age towards the Renaissance. It was a time of burgeoning city-states, increased trade, and the rise of a money-based economy. Politically, the Duecento saw the Holy Roman Empire exert influence over Italy, often in conflict with the independent communes and the Papacy.

Culturally, the Duecento witnessed the development of early Italian vernacular literature, with figures like Dante Alighieri beginning their influential works, though his major output falls into the subsequent century. Scholasticism flourished in universities, and the mendicant orders of Franciscans and Dominicans gained prominence, impacting religious and social life. Architecturally, Romanesque styles continued, but Gothic influences began to appear, particularly in northern Italy. The artistic landscape saw the emergence of painters like Cimabue and sculptors who laid the groundwork for the artistic achievements of the Quattrocento. The century also experienced significant social and economic changes, with the growth of urban centers and the increasing importance of mercantile classes.