Dglukosa

D-glukosa, or D-glucose in English, is the dextro-rotatory enantiomer of glucose and one of the most important monosaccharides in biology. It has the chemical formula C6H12O6 and serves as a primary energy source for most organisms. In nature, it occurs widely in fruits, honey, and plant starch hydrolysates, and it is produced commercially by the hydrolysis of starch followed by purification.

Chemically it is an aldose with several stereoisomers; in solution it forms cyclic hemiacetals: mainly D-glucopyranose (six-membered) and to a lesser extent furanose forms, and it can exist as open-chain aldehyde. The ring has two anomers, alpha and beta, due to the configuration at the anomeric carbon; mutarotation exchanges between these forms.

Biologically, D-glukosa is taken up by cells via glucose transporters and is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase or glucokinase. This phosphorylation traps the sugar inside cells and directs it into glycolysis, where it yields ATP and NADH. Ultimately, its carbons are oxidized to CO2 and water through the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Physiological and health contexts include regulation of blood glucose by insulin and glucagon. Abnormal levels are associated with conditions such as diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia. D-glukosa is also widely used as a sweetener in the food industry and serves as a standard reducing sugar in chemical analyses.