Cinemas

Cinemas are venues dedicated to the exhibition of films to a paying audience. They are typically darkened rooms equipped with a projection system, a large screen, and a sound system, with seating arranged to optimize sightlines and comfort. Modern cinemas may include concessions, specialized auditoria, and amenities such as lounges or bars. The term is used for both the physical venue and the broader industry surrounding film exhibition.

History began in the late 19th century with short films shown in storefronts and nickelodeons, followed by purpose‑built cinemas in the early 20th century. The industry evolved from silent pictures to sound films, and later to widescreen formats. The late 20th century saw the rise of multiplexes and megaplexes, expanding screening capacity and programming. The shift from film to digital projection in the 2000s enabled new formats and immersive sound systems, while streaming has affected attendance patterns in some markets.

Cinemas vary in format and operation. Independent or art‑house venues emphasize non‑mainstream or foreign titles, while multiplexes and megaplexes offer many screens and diversified programming, including premieres and family releases. Drive‑ins, university cinemas, and specialized venues such as IMAX or immersive‑theater complexes provide alternative experiences. Common economic models rely on ticket sales, concessions, and revenue sharing with distributors.

Cinemas contribute to culture and local economies, hosting festivals, premieres, and community screenings. They shape audience taste and support film industries by providing a space for discovery and collective viewing. Recent trends include premium formats, enhanced accessibility, loyalty programs, and the coexistence of cinema with streaming services, with many patrons valuing the theatrical experience for certain releases and formats.