Cellularprosesser

Cellularprosesser refer to the set of chemical and physical processes that enable cells to live, grow, reproduce, and respond to their environment. They encompass metabolism, gene expression, signaling, and the control of the cell cycle.

Metabolism includes energy production and biosynthesis. In many organisms this includes glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, which generate ATP. Photosynthesis in plants and some bacteria provides energy and building blocks for cellular function.

Gene expression and protein production involve transcription of DNA into RNA, RNA processing, translation into proteins, and subsequent folding and modification. Cells regulate expression in response to conditions, ensuring proteins are produced when needed.

Cellular communication and transport cover membrane transport, including diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis, and intercellular signaling via receptors and second messengers. These processes coordinate responses to environmental changes and maintain cellular homeostasis.

Cell growth, division, and death are controlled by the cell cycle, DNA replication, mitosis, meiosis, and quality control mechanisms, as well as programmed cell death when damage is irreparable. Proper regulation ensures genetic stability and organismal development.

Differences across life forms matter for cellularprosesser. Prokaryotes lack defined organelles, while eukaryotic cells compartmentalize processes in organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Despite diversity, cellular processes are highly conserved and foundational to biology, medicine, and biotechnology.