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Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain one or more carboxyl functional groups. The carboxyl group consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydroxyl group (OH). This combination gives carboxylic acids their characteristic acidic properties. The general formula for a monocarboxylic acid is R-COOH, where R represents an alkyl or aryl group.

The acidity of carboxylic acids arises from the resonance stabilization of their conjugate base, the carboxylate anion. When a carboxylic acid donates a proton (H+), the resulting carboxylate anion is stabilized by the delocalization of the negative charge over both oxygen atoms. This makes the proton relatively easy to remove, hence the acidic nature.

Carboxylic acids are found in nature and play vital roles in biological systems. For example, acetic acid is the main component of vinegar, and citric acid is found in citrus fruits. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, also contain a carboxyl group.

Industrially, carboxylic acids are used in the production of polymers, plasticizers, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. They can be synthesized through various methods, including the oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes, and the hydrolysis of nitriles and esters. Their reactivity allows them to undergo a range of chemical reactions, such as esterification, amide formation, and reduction.