CD28mediated

CD28 mediated refers to the signaling pathways and cellular responses triggered by the interaction between the CD28 co-stimulatory receptor and its ligands, primarily CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2). CD28 is a transmembrane protein found on the surface of T lymphocytes, playing a crucial role in regulating T cell activation, proliferation, and survival. When a T cell encounters an antigen-presenting cell (APC), the T cell receptor (TCR) binds to the antigen presented on MHC molecules. This initial signal is often insufficient for full T cell activation. The engagement of CD28 by CD80 or CD86 on the APC provides a critical second signal, known as co-stimulation. This CD28 mediated co-stimulatory signal enhances TCR signaling, leading to increased T cell activation. It also promotes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-2, which are essential for T cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, CD28 mediated signaling contributes to the long-term survival of T cells by upregulating anti-apoptotic molecules. Dysregulation of CD28 mediated signaling can have significant implications in various immunological contexts, including autoimmunity, infectious diseases, and cancer immunotherapy. Therapeutic strategies often aim to modulate CD28 mediated pathways to either enhance or suppress immune responses.