Biotranszformáció

Biotranszformáció refers to the chemical modification of organic compounds by living organisms or their enzymes. This process is essential in nature for the metabolism of substances, detoxification, and the synthesis of new molecules. In a biological context, biotransformation can occur in various organisms, including microorganisms, plants, and animals.

The primary roles of biotransformation in living systems include breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones for energy or excretion, detoxifying harmful substances by making them more water-soluble and thus easier to eliminate, and modifying compounds to create new, functional molecules. For instance, in animals, the liver plays a crucial role in biotransformation, particularly in processing drugs and environmental toxins. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, are also extensively used in biotransformation for industrial purposes, like the production of antibiotics, steroids, and enzymes.

The enzymes involved in biotransformation catalyze specific chemical reactions, often involving oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, or conjugation. These enzymatic reactions can alter the physical and chemical properties of the substrate, leading to changes in its biological activity. Understanding biotransformation is vital in fields like pharmacology, toxicology, environmental science, and biotechnology, as it impacts drug efficacy, the fate of pollutants, and the development of new bio-based products.