Biologiya

Biologiya, or biology, is the scientific study of life. It covers the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and interactions of living organisms, from single cells to complex ecosystems. Biologiya seeks to understand how organisms are organized, how they reproduce and metabolize energy, and how they adapt to changing environments.

The discipline encompasses numerous subfields, including botany (plants), zoology (animals), microbiology (microorganisms), genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, ecology, evolution, and systems biology. Interdisciplinary areas such as developmental biology, paleobiology, and biotechnologies also play central roles.

Researchers use observation, controlled experiments, comparative analysis, and field studies, aided by tools such as microscopy, imaging, sequencing, and computational modeling. Data are analyzed with statistics and bioinformatics to reveal patterns and test hypotheses.

Biologiya has roots in ancient natural philosophy and the study of living things. It advanced with the classification of organisms by Linnaeus, the cell theory in the 19th century, Darwin’s theory of evolution, Mendelian genetics, and the molecular biology revolution of the 20th century.

Applications of biologiya include medicine, agriculture, environmental management, conservation, and biotechnology. The field underpins medical diagnostics, drug development, crop improvement, and the sustainable use of natural resources.

In Uzbek-speaking regions, biologiya is used as the standard term for biology, taught in schools and universities as a core natural science.