Albúminhiány

Albúminhiány, also known as hypoalbuminemia, is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of albumin in the blood. Albumin is the most abundant protein in plasma and plays a crucial role in maintaining oncotic pressure, which helps keep fluid within the blood vessels, and in transporting various substances, including hormones, fatty acids, and drugs.

The causes of albúminhiány are diverse and can be broadly categorized into decreased production and increased loss or breakdown. Decreased production often stems from liver disease, such as cirrhosis, as the liver is the primary site of albumin synthesis. Malnutrition or malabsorption syndromes can also lead to insufficient protein intake or absorption, impacting albumin production. Severe chronic illnesses, like cancer or chronic infections, can suppress albumin synthesis due to increased inflammatory states.

Increased loss or breakdown of albumin can occur through several mechanisms. Kidney diseases, particularly nephrotic syndrome, cause excessive albumin to be lost in the urine. Gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease or protein-losing enteropathy, can lead to albumin leakage into the digestive tract. Severe burns can result in significant albumin loss through damaged skin. Furthermore, conditions that increase albumin catabolism, or breakdown, can also contribute to low levels.

The symptoms of albúminhiány are often related to fluid imbalance. Edema, or swelling, is a common sign, particularly in the legs, ankles, feet, and abdomen, as reduced oncotic pressure allows fluid to escape from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissues. In severe cases, fluid can accumulate in the lungs, causing shortness of breath. Diagnosis is typically made through blood tests measuring albumin levels, and further investigations are conducted to identify the underlying cause. Treatment focuses on addressing the root cause, such as managing liver or kidney disease, improving nutrition, or treating infections.