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ABO blood group system, commonly referred to as ABO typing, is a classification of human blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The system was first described by Karl Landsteiner in 1901. There are four main blood types within the ABO system: A, B, AB, and O. Each type is determined by the presence of specific antigens and corresponding antibodies in the blood plasma.

Type A blood contains A antigens on the red blood cells and B antibodies in the plasma. Type B blood has B antigens on the red blood cells and A antibodies in the plasma. Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on the red blood cells but lacks both A and B antibodies in the plasma. Type O blood lacks both A and B antigens on the red blood cells but contains both A and B antibodies in the plasma.

The ABO blood group system is crucial in blood transfusions and organ transplants. Compatibility between donor and recipient blood types is essential to prevent immune reactions and ensure successful transfusions. For example, blood type O can be transfused to any ABO type, but type AB can only receive blood from type AB donors.

The ABO blood group system is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, with the A and B alleles being codominant. The O allele is recessive. The inheritance pattern follows Mendelian genetics, with each parent contributing one allele, resulting in four possible genotypes: AA, AO, BB, and BO. The phenotypes corresponding to these genotypes are A, A, B, and AB, respectively.

The ABO blood group system is one of the most important blood group systems in medicine, alongside the Rh system. Together, they provide a comprehensive framework for blood typing and compatibility testing, ensuring safe and effective blood transfusions and transplants.