90nm

90nm refers to a technology node in semiconductor manufacturing, representing the smallest feature size of transistors on an integrated circuit. The term "nm" stands for nanometer, which is one billionth of a meter. The 90nm node was introduced in the mid-2000s and was a significant advancement in the evolution of semiconductor technology.

The 90nm node marked a transition from the 130nm node, which was the previous standard. This reduction in feature size allowed for more transistors to be packed onto a single chip, increasing the chip's performance and efficiency. The 90nm node also enabled the integration of more complex circuits, such as those found in modern microprocessors and memory chips.

However, the 90nm node also presented challenges. As feature sizes decreased, it became more difficult to control the manufacturing process, leading to issues such as increased leakage currents and reduced reliability. To overcome these challenges, manufacturers developed new materials and processes, such as the use of copper interconnects and low-k dielectric materials.

The 90nm node was succeeded by the 65nm node in the late 2000s, which continued the trend of decreasing feature sizes and increasing transistor density. Despite the challenges, the 90nm node played a crucial role in the development of modern semiconductor technology.