5azasytiidiini

5-azacytidine, also known as azacitidine, is a nucleoside analog of cytidine. It is a drug used in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Chemically, it is a pyrimidine analog where a nitrogen atom replaces the carbon atom at the 5th position of the cytosine ring.

The primary mechanism of action of 5-azacytidine involves its incorporation into DNA and RNA. Once incorporated, it inhibits DNA methyltransferases, enzymes responsible for DNA methylation. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that plays a crucial role in gene regulation. By inhibiting these enzymes, 5-azacytidine can lead to hypomethylation of DNA, which can reactivate tumor suppressor genes that have been silenced by hypermethylation. This reactivation can help to restore normal cell differentiation and inhibit the growth of cancerous cells.

In addition to its hypomethylating effects, 5-azacytidine also exhibits cytotoxic properties. It can interfere with RNA processing and protein synthesis, contributing to its anti-cancer activity. It is typically administered by subcutaneous injection or intravenous infusion. Common side effects can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and bone marrow suppression, leading to reduced blood cell counts.