yao

Yao is a term used for several distinct groups and concepts in different parts of the world, as well as a Chinese surname. The most common references fall into three broad areas: a Chinese Southeast Asian ethnic group and their languages; a Bantu-speaking group in Africa; and the surname Yao.

In China and across parts of Southeast Asia, the Yao are an ethnic minority concentrated in southern China, notably Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong, and Guizhou, with populations in Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand. They are part of the Miao–Yao language group, and their languages include Iu Mien and other Mienic varieties. Yao communities exhibit diverse subgroups and cultural practices, with traditional agriculture, textile crafts, and distinctive festive customs. Many Yao have historically practiced a blend of animist traditions and ancestor worship, while some communities have adopted Christian or other religions.

The Yao language family encompasses several dialects and languages within the Mienic branch of the Hmong–Mien language superfamily. Documentation varies by region, but linguistic diversity is a common feature among Yao-speaking groups.

In Africa, the Yao are an unrelated Bantu-speaking ethnic group primarily in Malawi, Mozambique, and to a lesser extent Tanzania. They speak Chiyao (a Bantu language) and are noted for agricultural and trading activities within local communities.

Yao is also a common Chinese surname written 姚, borne by many individuals including the well-known basketball player Yao Ming.