välisfaktorite
Välisfaktorite, a term often translated as externalities, refers to the uncompensated impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a third party who is not a direct participant in the transaction. These impacts can be either positive or negative. Negative externalities occur when the production or consumption of a good or service imposes a cost on others. Examples include pollution from factories, which can harm the health of nearby residents, or noise from a construction site, which disrupts the peace of a neighborhood. Positive externalities, conversely, arise when an action benefits a third party who did not pay for that benefit. Common examples include vaccination, which reduces the spread of disease to others, or education, which can lead to a more informed and productive society.
The existence of externalities is a key concept in economics, particularly in the study of market failures.